New study unravels Darwin's 'abominable mystery' surrounding origin of flowering plants

Date:
January 28, 2021
Source:
University of Bristol
Summary:
The origin of flowering plants famously puzzled Charles Darwin,
who described their sudden appearance in the fossil record from
relatively recent geological times as an 'abominable mystery'.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The origin of flowering plants famously puzzled Charles Darwin, who
described their sudden appearance in the fossil record from relatively
recent geological times as an "abominable mystery." This mystery has
further deepened with an inexplicable discrepancy between the relatively
recent fossil record and a much older time of origin of flowering plants estimated using genome data.


==========================================================================
Now a team of scientists from Switzerland, Sweden, the UK, and China
may have solved the puzzle. Their results show flowering plants indeed originated in the Jurassic or earlier, that is millions of years earlier
than their oldest undisputed fossil evidence, according to a new study published in the scientific journal Nature Ecology & Evolution. The
lack of older fossils, according to their results, might instead be
the product of low probability of fossilization and the rarity of early flowering plants.

"A diverse group of flowering plants had been living for a very long
time shadowed by ferns and gymnosperms, which were dominating ancient ecosystems.

This reminds me of how modern mammals lived for a long time laying low
in the age of dinosaurs, before becoming a dominant component of modern faunas," said lead author Dr Daniele Silvestro, from the University of
Fribourg in Switzerland.

Flowering plants are by far the most abundant and diverse group of plants globally in modern ecosystems, far outnumbering ferns and gymnosperms,
and including almost all crops sustaining human livelihood. The fossil
record shows this pattern was established over the past 80-100 million
years, while earlier flowering plants are thought to have been small
and rare. The new results show that flowering plants have been around
for as many as 100 million years before they finally came to dominance.

"While we do not expect our study to put an end to the debate about
angiosperm origin, it does provide a strong motivation for what some
consider a hunt for the snark -- a Jurassic flowering plant. Rather than
a mythical artefact of genome-based analyses, Jurassic angiosperms are an expectation of our interpretation of the fossil record," said co-author Professor Philip Donoghue, from the University of Bristol in the UK.

The research conclusions are based on complex modelling using a large
global database of fossil occurrences, which Dr Yaowu Xing and his team
at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden compiled from more than
700 publications. These records, amounting to more than 15,000, included members of many groups of plants including representatives of palms,
orchids, sunflowers, and peas.

"Scientific debate has long been polarised between palaeontologists
who estimate the antiquity of angiosperms based on the age of the oldest fossils, versus molecular biologists who use this information to calibrate molecular evolution to geologic time. Our study shows that these views are
too simplistic; the fossil record has to be interpreted," said co-author
Dr Christine Bacon, from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.

"A literal reading of the fossil record cannot be used to estimate realistically the time of origin of a group. Instead, we had to develop
new mathematical models and use computer simulations to solve this problem
in a robust way." Even 140 years after Darwin's conundrum about the
origin of flowering plants, the debate has maintained a central place in
the scientific arena. In particular, many studies based on phylogenetic analyses of modern plants and their genomes estimated that the group
originated significantly earlier than indicated by the fossil record,
a finding widely disputed in palaeontological research. The new study,
which was based exclusively on fossils and did not include genome data
or evolutionary trees, shows an earlier age of flowering plants is
not an artifact of phylogenetic analyses, but is in fact supported by palaeontological data as well.

Co-author Professor Alexandre Antonelli, Director of Science at the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in the UK, added: "Understanding when
flowering plants went from being an insignificant group into becoming
the cornerstone of most terrestrial ecosystems shows us that nature is
dynamic. The devastating human impact on climate and biodiversity could
mean that the successful species in the future will be very different
to the ones we are accustomed to now."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Bristol. Note: Content
may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Daniele Silvestro, Christine D. Bacon, Wenna Ding, Qiuyue Zhang,
Philip
C. J. Donoghue, Alexandre Antonelli, Yaowu Xing. Fossil data support
a pre-Cretaceous origin of flowering plants. Nature Ecology &
Evolution, 2021; DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01387-8 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210128134720.htm

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