Where do our minds wander? Brain waves can point the way
Tuning out the external world and allowing thoughts to move freely
promotes relaxation and exploration, findings suggest

Date:
January 19, 2021
Source:
University of California - Berkeley
Summary:
Anyone who has tried and failed to meditate knows that our minds
are rarely still. But where do they roam? New research has come
up with a way to track the flow of our internal thought processes
and signal whether our minds are focused, fixated or wandering.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Anyone who has tried and failed to meditate knows that our minds are
rarely still. But where do they roam? New research led by UC Berkeley has
come up with a way to track the flow of our internal thought processes
and signal whether our minds are focused, fixated or wandering.


========================================================================== Using an electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure brain activity while
people performed mundane attention tasks, researchers identified brain
signals that reveal when the mind is not focused on the task at hand or aimlessly wandering, especially after concentrating on an assignment.

Specifically, increased alpha brain waves were detected in the prefrontal cortex of more than two dozen study participants when their thoughts
jumped from one topic to another, providing an electrophysiological
signature for unconstrained, spontaneous thought. Alpha waves are slow
brain rhythms whose frequency ranges from 9 to 14 cycles per second.

Meanwhile, weaker brain signals known as P3 were observed in the parietal cortex, further offering a neural marker for when people are not paying attention to the task at hand.

"For the first time, we have neurophysiological evidence that
distinguishes different patterns of internal thought, allowing us to
understand the varieties of thought central to human cognition and to
compare between healthy and disordered thinking," said study senior author Robert Knight, a UC Berkeley professor of psychology and neuroscience.

The findings, published this week in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences journal, suggest that tuning out our external
environment and allowing our internal thoughts to move freely and
creatively are a necessary function of the brain and can promote
relaxation and exploration.



========================================================================== Moreover, EEG markers of how our thoughts flow when our brains are at rest
can help researchers and clinicians detect certain patterns of thinking,
even before patients are aware of where their minds are wandering.

"This could help detect thought patterns linked to a spectrum of
psychiatric and attention disorders and may help diagnose them," said
study lead author Julia Kam, an assistant professor of psychology at
the University of Calgary.

She launched the study as a postdoctoral researcher in Knight's cognitive neuroscience lab at UC Berkeley.

Another co-author on the paper is Zachary Irving, an assistant professor
of philosophy at the University of Virginia who explored the psychological
and philosophical underpinnings of mind-wandering as a postdoctoral
scholar at UC Berkeley.

"If you focus all the time on your goals, you can miss important
information.

And so, having a free-association thought process that randomly generates memories and imaginative experiences can lead you to new ideas and
insights," said Irving, whose philosophical theory of mind-wandering
shaped the study's methodology.

Irving worked with Alison Gopnik, a UC Berkeley developmental psychologist
and philosophy scholar who is also a co-author of the study.



========================================================================== "Babies and young children's minds seem to wander constantly, and so
we wondered what functions that might serve," Gopnik said. "Our paper
suggests mind-wandering is as much a positive feature of cognition as
a quirk and explains something we all experience." To prepare for the
study, 39 adults were taught the difference between four different
categories of thinking: task-related, freely moving, deliberately
constrained and automatically constrained.

Next, while wearing electrodes on their heads that measured their
brain activity, they sat at a computer screen and tapped left or right
arrow keys to correspond with left and right arrows appearing in random sequences on the screen.

When they finished a sequence, they were asked to rate on a scale of
one to seven -- whether their thoughts during the task had been related
to the task, freely moving, deliberately constrained or automatically constrained.

One example of thoughts unrelated to the task and freely moving would be
if a student, instead of studying for an upcoming exam, found herself
thinking about whether she had received a good grade on an assignment,
then realized she had not yet prepared dinner, and then wondered if she
should exercise more, and ended up reminiscing about her last vacation,
Kam said.

The responses to the questions about thought processes were then divided
into the four groups and matched against the recorded brain activity.

When study participants reported having thoughts that moved freely
from topic to topic, they showed increased alpha wave activity in the
brain's frontal cortex, a pattern linked to the generation of creative
ideas. Researchers also found evidence of lesser P3 brain signals during off-task thoughts.

"The ability to detect our thought patterns through brain activity is
an important step toward generating potential strategies for regulating
how our thoughts unfold over time, a strategy useful for healthy and
disordered minds alike," Kam said.

In addition to Kam, Knight, Irving and Gopnik, co-authors of the study
are Shawn Patel at UC Berkeley and Caitlin Mills at the University
of Hampshire.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_California_-_Berkeley. Original written by Yasmin
Anwar. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Julia W. Y. Kam, Zachary C. Irving, Caitlin Mills, Shawn Patel,
Alison
Gopnik, and Robert T. Knight. Distinct electrophysiological
signatures of task-unrelated and dynamic thoughts. PNAS, 2021 DOI:
10.1073/ pnas.2011796118 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210119140203.htm

--- up 5 weeks, 7 hours, 57 minutes
* Origin: -=> Castle Rock BBS <=- Now Husky HPT Powered! (1337:3/111)