Average body temperature among healthy adults declined over the past two decades

Date:
October 28, 2020
Source:
University of California - Santa Barbara
Summary:
In the nearly two centuries since German physician Carl Wunderlich
established 98.6DEGF as the standard 'normal' body temperature, it
has been used by parents and doctors alike as the measure by which
fevers - - and often the severity of illness -- have been assessed.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
In the nearly two centuries since German physician Carl Wunderlich
established 98.6DEGF as the standard "normal" body temperature, it has
been used by parents and doctors alike as the measure by which fevers --
and often the severity of illness -- have been assessed.


==========================================================================
Over time, however, and in more recent years, lower body temperatures
have been widely reported in healthy adults. A 2017 study among 35,000
adults in the United Kingdom found average body temperature to be lower (97.9DEGF), and a 2019 study showed that the normal body temperature in Americans (those in Palo Alto, California, anyway) is about 97.5DEGF.

A multinational team of physicians, anthropologists and local researchers
led by Michael Gurven, UC Santa Barbara professor of anthropology and
chair of the campus's Integrative Anthropological Sciences Unit, and
Thomas Kraft, a postdoctoral researcher in the same department, have
found a similar decrease among the Tsimane, an indigenous population of forager-horticulturists in the Bolivian Amazon. In the 16 years since
Gurven, co-director of the Tsimane Health and Life History Project,
and fellow researchers have been studying the population, they have
observed a rapid decline in average body temperature - - 0.09DEGF per
year, such that today Tsimane body temperatures are roughly 97.7DEGF.

"In less than two decades we're seeing about the same level of decline
as that observed in the U.S. over approximately two centuries," said
Gurven. Their analysis is based on a large sample of 18,000 observations
of almost 5,500 adults, and adjust for multiple other factors that might
affect body temperature, such as ambient temperature and body mass.

The anthropologists' research appears in the journal Sciences Advances.

"The provocative study showing declines in normal body temperature in
the U.S.

since the time of the Civil War was conducted in a single population and couldn't explain why the decline happened," said Gurven. "But it was clear
that something about human physiology could have changed. One leading hypothesis is that we've experienced fewer infections over time due to
improved hygiene, clean water, vaccinations and medical treatment. In
our study, we were able to test that idea directly. We have information
on clinical diagnoses and biomarkers of infection and inflammation at
the time each patient was seen.



========================================================================== While some infections were associated with higher body temperature,
adjusting for these did not account for the steep decline in body
temperature over time, Gurven noted. "And we used the same type of
thermometer for most of the study, so it's not due to changes in instrumentation," he said.

Added Kraft, "No matter how we did the analysis, the decline was still
there.

Even when we restricted analysis to the <10% of adults who were
diagnosed by physicians as completely healthy, we still observed the
same decline in body temperature over time." A key question, then,
is why body temperatures have declined over time both for Americans and Tsimane. Extensive data available from the team's long-term research in
Bolivia addresses some possibilities. "Declines might be due to the rise
of modern health care and lower rates of lingering mild infections now as compared to the past," Gurven explained. "But while health has generally improved over the past two decades, infections are still widespread in
rural Bolivia. Our results suggest that reduced infection alone can't
explain the observed body temperature declines." It could be that people
are in better condition, so their bodies might be working less to fight infection, he continued. Or greater access to antibiotics and other
treatments means the duration of infection is shorter now than in the
past. Consistent with that argument, Gurven said, "We found that having
a respiratory infection in the early period of the study led to having a
higher body temperature than having the same respiratory infection more recently." It's also possible that greater use of anti-inflammatory
drugs like ibuprofen may reduce inflammation, though the researchers
found that the temporal decline in body temperature remained even after
their analyses accounted for biomarkers of inflammation.



========================================================================== "Another possibility is that our bodies don't have to work as hard to
regulate internal temperature because of air conditioning in the summer
and heating in the winter," Kraft said. "While Tsimane body temperatures
do change with time of year and weather patterns, the Tsimane still
do not use any advanced technology for helping to regulate their
body temperature. They do, however, have more access to clothes and
blankets." The researchers were initially surprised to find no single
"magic bullet" that could explain the decline in body temperature. "It's
likely a combination of factors -- all pointing to improved conditions,"
Gurven said.

According to Gurven, the finding of lower-than-expected body temperatures
in the U.S., and the decline over time, had a lot of people scratching
their heads. Was it a fluke? In this study, Gurven and his team confirm
that body temperatures below 98.6DEGF are found in places outside the
U.S. and the U.K.

"The area of Bolivia where the Tsimane live is rural and tropical
with minimal public health infrastructure," he noted. "Our study also
gives the first indication that body temperatures have declined even
in this tropical environment, where infections still account for much
morbidity and mortality." As a vital sign, temperature is an indicator
of what's occurring physiologically in the body, much like a metabolic thermostat. "One thing we've known for a while is that there is no
universal 'normal' body temperature for everyone at all times, so I
doubt our findings will affect how clinicians use body temperature
readings in practice" said Gurven. Despite the fixation on 98.6DEGF,
most clinicians recognize that 'normal' temperatures have a range.

Throughout the day, body temperature can vary by as much as 1DEGF, from
its lowest in the early morning, to its highest in the late afternoon. It
also varies across the menstrual cycle and following physical activity
and tends to decrease as we age.

But by linking improvements in the broader epidemiological and
socioeconomic landscape to changes in body temperature, the study
suggests that information on body temperature might provide clues to a population's overall health, as do other common indicators such as life expectancy. "Body temperature is simple to measure, and so could easily
be added to routine large-scale surveys that monitor population health,"
Gurven said.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_California_-_Santa_Barbara. Original written by Andrea
Estrada. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Michael Gurven, Thomas S. Kraft, Sarah Alami, Juan Copajira Adrian,
Edhitt Cortez Linares, Daniel Cummings, Daniel Eid Rodriguez,
Paul L.

Hooper, Adrian V. Jaeggi, Raul Quispe Gutierrez, Ivan Maldonado
Suarez, Edmond Seabright, Hillard Kaplan, Jonathan Stieglitz,
Benjamin Trumble.

Rapidly declining body temperature in a tropical human population.

Science Advances, 2020; 6 (44): eabc6599 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6599 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201028171432.htm

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