Plant nutrient delivery breakthrough

Date:
September 17, 2020
Source:
Texas Tech University
Summary:
The collaboration revealed that the symbiotic relationship between
plants and fungi provides nitrates to plants, which could lead to
reduced fertilizer use.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
When most people think of fungi, the thoughts are usually not good,
turning to something that does damage more than those that are actually helpful.


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Yet, fungi play a critical role in the growth and development of plant
life and have for millions of years. Scientists have known for a long
time that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that live in harmony with
about 90% of land plants and play a key role in their root systems,
are responsible for carrying needed phosphate to plants to help growth.

Now, however, thanks to a discovery by a team of scientists from Texas
Tech University's Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST) in the Department of Plaint and Soil Science, and the Nanjing Agricultural University's State Key Laboratory of crop Genetics and
Germplasm Enhancement, that symbiotic role may go even further.

That research team, which included professor Guohua Xu, Prof. Aiqun
Chen and Dr. Huimin Feng from Nanjing Agricultural University and,
Luis Herrera- Estrella, the President's Distinguished Professor of
Plant Genomics and director of IGCAST, and assistant professor Damar Lo'pez-Arredondo, discovered that AM fungi also acted as a supplier of
nitrogen to the plant, the protein (NPF4.5) responsible for transporting nitrates from the fungi to the plant, and that this symbiotic nitrate
pathway and the function of the protein are present in crops such as rice,
and probably most other plant species.

The results from the paper, "Functional analysis of the OsNPF4.5
nitrate transporter reveals a conserved mycorrhizal pathway of nitrogen acquisition in plants," were recently published by Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the U.S.

Xu highlighted their finding that the fungi colonization efficiency,
promotion of plant growth and nutrient uptake were maintained and even
enhanced at high nitrogen supply levels, which is opposite to the high phosphate suppressed colonization, indicating the general contribution
of mycorrhizal route to improving N use efficiency at varied N presence.



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This discovery could lead to groundbreaking agricultural practices that
allow for a reduction in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required for
crop production, which will help reduce production costs and benefit
the environment by reducing agrochemical use.

"In our study, we showed the nitrate transporter is contained in many
plant species and that it is activated by the mycorrhizal association
in maize, sorghum and several other plant species," Herrera-Estrella
said. "Based on our data, we propose that nitrate transport takes
place in many if not most plant species, and that the protein plays
a key role in the process." Hundreds of millions of years ago, when
plants moved from aquatic origins and began taking over land masses,
their lack of a strong root system became a hinderance in obtaining
water and nutrients. Herrera-Estrella said fossilized evidence showed
that, early in in the evolutionary process, land plants developed the relationship with mycorrhizal fungi, which helped improve the fitness
of host plants by facilitating mineral nutrition and water absorption
and by increasing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Herrera-Estrella pointed out, though, that past research has discovered
that the symbiotic relationship between plants and AM fungi is most
active in soil with low phosphate availability and suppressed in soil
with high levels of available nutrients. That means cultivated crops that
are highly fertilized see a severely reduced or completely suppressed
impact from mycorrhiza.

The goal of the research was to determine whether mycorrhiza could
provide other nutrients such as nitrogen to the plant. Indirect evidence
has shown the fungi could supply the plant with ammonium (NH4+) as a
nitrogen source, but that it is quickly converted into nitrate (NO3-)
by the microbes in the aerobic soil. That means that under most soil conditions, nitrate is the dominant form of N supplied to the plant.



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In order to test for nitrate transfer ability, the researchers used
nitrogen isotopes to determine the capacity of the fungi to take nitrate
ad deliver it to the plant for intake. Researchers also identified
the gene (NPF4.5) specifically activated in rice roots when joined
by mycorrhizal fungi and were able to identify the role of this gene
in nitrate delivery by producing rice mutants that did not have this transporting gene.

"We found that when the gene is inactivated, the amount of nitrate
that the plant can get from the fungi is drastically reduced,"
Dr. Chen said. "Thus, we functionally confirmed that NPF4.5 was the
important protein in the transport of nitrogen from the fungi to the
plant. We also used plant transformation to generate the rice plants
that enrich NPF4.5 proteins in the absence of the mycorrhiza. We found
that these transgenic plants can produce more biomass and show higher
nitrogen uptake efficiency than normal plants when grown in nitrate
contained medium, which has a great potential for use in agriculture." Researchers estimate that rice containing the mycorrhizal relationship
between plant and fungi could receive more than 40% of its nitrogen due
to the mycorrhizal pathway and that the specific nitrate transporter gene, NPF4.5, accounted for approximately 45% of the mycorrhizal nitrate uptake.

Lo'pez-Arredondo said the next steps in the project will be to test
the transgenic plants under field conditions and deeply understand the mechanisms that specifically activate the NPF4.5 nitrate transporter gene
when the plant joins with the fungi, as well as discovering the chemical signals the fungi send to the plant to specifically activate this and
other nutrient transporter genes probably required for this interaction.

Herrera-Estrella, an Emeritus Professor of Cinvestav in Mexico and member
of the US National Academy of Sciences stated "This is an interesting and productive collaboration between Texas Tech and the Nanjing Agricultural University," "This type of international collaboration can rally boost
the advancement of science."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Texas_Tech_University. Original
written by George Watson.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Shuangshuang Wang, Aiqun Chen, Kun Xie, Xiaofeng Yang, Zhenzhen Luo,
Jiadong Chen, Dechao Zeng, Yuhan Ren, Congfan Yang, Lingxiao
Wang, Huimin Feng, Damar Lizbeth Lo'pez-Arredondo, Luis Rafael
Herrera-Estrella, Guohua Xu. Functional analysis of the OsNPF4.5
nitrate transporter reveals a conserved mycorrhizal pathway of
nitrogen acquisition in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 2020; 117 (28): 16649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000926117 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200917105403.htm

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