Theoretically, two layers are better than one for solar-cell efficiency


Date:
September 15, 2020
Source:
Penn State
Summary:
Solar cells have come a long way, but inexpensive, thin film solar
cells are still far behind more expensive, crystalline solar cells
in efficiency. Now, a team of researchers suggests that using two
thin films of different materials may be the way to go to create
affordable, thin film cells with about 34% efficiency.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Solar cells have come a long way, but inexpensive, thin film solar
cells are still far behind more expensive, crystalline solar cells in efficiency. Now, a team of researchers suggests that using two thin
films of different materials may be the way to go to create affordable,
thin film cells with about 34% efficiency.


==========================================================================
"Ten years ago I knew very little about solar cells, but it became
clear to me they were very important," said Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Evan Pugh University Professor and Charles Godfrey Binder Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State.

Investigating the field, he found that researchers approached solar cells
from two sides, the optical side -- looking on how the sun's light is
collected - - and the electrical side -- looking at how the collected
sunlight is converted into electricity. Optical researchers strive to
optimize light capture, while electrical researchers strive to optimize conversion to electricity, both sides simplifying the other.

"I decided to create a model in which both electrical and optical aspects
will be treated equally," said Lakhtakia. "We needed to increase actual efficiency, because if the efficiency of a cell is less than 30% it isn't
going to make a difference." The researchers report their results in a
recent issue of Applied Physics Letters.

Lakhtakia is a theoretician. He does not make thin films in a
laboratory, but creates mathematical models to test the possibilities
of configurations and materials so that others can test the results. The problem, he said, was that the mathematical structure of optimizing the
optical and the electrical are very different.

Solar cells appear to be simple devices, he explained. A clear top layer
allows sunlight to fall on an energy conversion layer. The material
chosen to convert the energy, absorbs the light and produces streams
of negatively charged electrons and positively charged holes moving in
opposite directions. The differently charged particles get transferred
to a top contact layer and a bottom contact layer that channel the
electricity out of the cell for use. The amount of energy a cell can
produce depends on the amount of sunlight collected and the ability of
the conversion layer. Different materials react to and convert different wavelengths of light.

"I realized that to increase efficiency we had to absorb more light," said Lakhtakia. "To do that we had to make the absorbent layer nonhomogeneous
in a special way." That special way was to use two different absorbent materials in two different thin films. The researchers chose commercially available CIGS -- copper indium gallium diselenide -- and CZTSSe --
copper zinc tin sulfur selenide -- for the layers. By itself, CIGS's
efficiency is about 20% and CZTSSe's is about 11%.

These two materials work in a solar cell because the structure of both materials is the same. They have roughly the same lattice structure,
so they can be grown one on top of the other, and they absorb different frequencies of the spectrum so they should increase efficiency, according
to Lakhtakia.

"It was amazing," said Lakhtakia. "Together they produced a solar cell
with 34% efficiency. This creates a new solar cell architecture --
layer upon layer.

Others who can actually make solar cells can find other formulations of
layers and perhaps do better." According to the researchers, the next
step is to create these experimentally and see what the options are to
get the final, best answers.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Penn_State. Original written by
A'ndrea Elyse Messer.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Faiz Ahmad, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Peter B. Monk. Double-absorber
thin-film
solar cell with 34% efficiency. Applied Physics Letters, 2020;
117 (3): 033901 DOI: 10.1063/5.0017916 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200915194250.htm

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